The electricity sector components of China’s 13th Five Year Plan reaffirm and strengthen previous commitments to establish electricity markets and to eliminate the generation quota system. The Chinese government has also committed to further reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, as with the target to reduce JingJinJi PM2.5 emissions in 2020 by 25 percent. A…
Broad state authority under the Clean Air Act means regulatory reforms would likely be permitted This is the third of RAP’s four-part series on the merits of greater integration of energy and environmental planning and regulation. The first piece set out the general concept, a process we’ve dubbed “E-Merge.” The second laid out a sample…
Part one of this series described why it is increasingly necessary to integrate energy and environmental planning and introduced one way to do so, the E-Merge approach. Improvements in public health science, detection technologies, and modeling over the last 25 years require parallel improvements in our decades-old regulatory approach for air quality. Likewise, the rapidly…
Looking at the electric power industry today brings to mind the well-known April 1970 dispatch from Apollo 13: “Houston, we have a problem.” Actually, we have several. Prominent among them is the growing permeation of environmental issues into energy policy and energy issues into environmental policy. On the one hand, for example, the U.S. Environmental…
Most states are still sorting through the details of EPA’s Clean Power Plan (CPP) final rule. Given its significant, though generally positive, departure from the proposed rule, and EPA’s initial plan submittal deadline of September 6, 2016, states might justifiably feel squeezed between a plethora of new questions and fast-approaching deadlines. States that dive directly…
Since 2011, the Chinese government has made significant progress in developing comprehensive air quality plans, by adopting new ambient air quality and emission standards, deploying more than 1,000 new air quality monitors, and establishing stringent air quality improvement targets. Most recently, the National People’s Congress amended China’s Air Law, including new measures to assess and…
The National People’s Congress (NPC) adopted revisions to China’s air law on August 29th that will go into effect on January 1, 2016. Last revised in 2000, the new law is intended to respond to and reduce the severe air pollution that has plagued many Chinese cities and regions in the last several years. Though…
A new discipline—environmental history—recently came to my attention while helping my Chinese colleagues develop plans to manage air quality. They wanted to know what Los Angeles did in the 1950s and 1960s to clean up its air and what London did in the 1950s. This history is important, not only to understand how those cities…
改善空气质量是中国公共政策的首要目标之一。自2008年起,睿博能源智库与从中央到地方的各级环保机构合作,帮助其发展全面的空气质量规划和空气质量管理能力。依据国务院于2013年九月颁发的《大气污染防治行动计划》和其他相关法规,要求所有113个重点城市和225个地级以上城市,在2017年前需制定并实施空气质量规划。这种前所未有的行动旨在减少遍及中国大部分地区严重、持续的污染。但是,很少有城市拥有制定空气质量规划的经验,而环保部作为负责监管和批准地方和区域空气质量规划的部门,必须对这些地区规划实现国家要求的空气质量目标的能力抱有信心。长期的改进还必须以一部强有力的法律和指导为基础,以确保城市和区域间的协调一致,防止污染的转移。 大气法修订 《中华人民共和国大气法》制定于1987年,最近的一次修订是在2000年。最初的大气法缺乏明确性,未能授予环保部权力以解决由于中国经济飞速增长所引起的严重的污染问题。睿博能源智库与美国Holland&Knight律师事务所合伙人,前全国人大环资委法案室处长的张红军先生合作,他对中国环境法有着丰富的知识和经验,为负责大气法修订的立法和环境部门提供了建议。 这些建议基于美国《清洁空气法案》的成功构架撰写而成,该法案被认为是世界上最强有力的环境法,授予美国环保署广泛的权力,以决定监管何种污染物和污染源类别,并以公共健康和科学为依据建立监管标准。该法案也要求环保署阶段性审查污染物和污染源类别标准,如果需要的话,对其进行修改。这个“自我实施”结构很适合中国。这样的结构可以加强环保部的权力,允许他们在环境和健康影响的基础上决定监管何种污染物和污染源,并判断某种污染源类别对污染问题影响程度的大小。 中国的立法程序要求一项法律正式出台前,需要经过三次审议。修订的大气法第一次审议时间是2014年12月下旬。第二次审议预计为2015年6月,第三次为同年10月。我们期待6月份有关修订大气法的更多细节。 空气质量管理的10项原则 同时完成338个城市的空气质量规划,无论对哪个国家来说都不是简单的工作。一个巨大的挑战就是要确保这些规划在范围、排放标准的功效和时机方面具有一定程度的一致性,以实现中国宏伟的改善空气质量的目标。空气污染并不受城市间或者省间的界限所限制,能源行业的控制措施既可完善中国现有的快速发展可再生能源和提高能效的政策,也可能会限制其发展。睿博能源智库携手能源基金会中国,中国清洁空气联盟以及气候工作基金会空气质量方面的专家,共同撰写了空气质量管理的10项原则–一则旨在帮助各地和区域制定统一有效的空气质量规划的指南。这10项原则分别是: 建立实施一个完善的空气质量管理结构; 确保充足的人员和资金; 应用最新的科学分析进行决策; 建立重污染应急响应机制; 制定空气污染防治措施并基于成本效益分析进行措施优选; 应用最佳可行技术(BACTs/BATs); 协同控制空气污染物和温室气体; 采纳激励和处罚措施来确保实施和执法落实; 加强信息公开力度,鼓励公众参与; 开展定期的监测和评估,实现持续改善。 如第7条中谈到的,在空气质量规划中综合考虑能源政策是格外重要的。清洁能源政策,可以解决多种污染物问题,从而帮助城市以相对于实施单独的控制措施更低的成本,实现公众健康,环境和能源目标。 修改大气法,可以为环保部赋予权力和灵活性 ,以应对空气质量威胁,为地方和区域政府机构提供制定有效的空气质量规划的工具,这是朝着中国蓝天计划持久进步的必要措施。这些措施也是对2015年1月生效的《中华人民共和国环境保护法 》的补充,大大提高了环保部对违反环境法规的行为所能够采取的惩罚限额。中国领导人正在以实际行动践行其实现蓝天计划的承诺,睿博能源智库也会继续与政府机构保持紧密的联系,协助实施新的大气法,实现公众健康和环境目标。 This paper is also available for English.