Knowledge Center
We believe that sharing our expertise and collaborations in clean energy policy is how real, effective change happens.
From reports and policy briefs, to webinars and podcasts—RAP advisors have built an extensive collection of resources providing in-depth analysis and practical solutions to today’s energy challenges.
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Heat pumps sit at the core of Europe’s plan to cut fossil gas imports and shield households from price spikes. Yet several governments have scaled back heat pump subsidies under budget pressure, or run them in stop-and-go cycles, just… View Summary +
Interruptions in electricity supply, ‘the lights going out,’ make for arresting headlines and capture public attention. The reality of what actually happened, and why, is messy and complex. Over the last decade — which was an era of… View Summary +
La producción de biometano en Europa ha crecido significativamente en los últimos diez años, alcanzando 4.3 mil millones de metros cúbicos en 2024. El creciente volumen de biometano tiene repercusiones en la regulación de las redes de gas. Esto plantea la pregunta: «¿Quién pagará los costes… View Summary +
Fossil gas provides more than half of Italy’s residential space heating and hot water demand but domestic gas production has been in a decline. Heat pumps, therefore, present a critical technology to increase Italy’s energy security and decarbonise residential… View Summary +
The future energy bill for European industry, businesses and households is an electricity bill. As demand for clean electricity increases, it will be paramount that the network tariff – that part of an electricity bill which goes towards the… View Summary +
(This paper is part of the series Data Centers and the Next Era of Energy Regulation. Find an overview and all the related resources on the series page here.) While data centers can bring tax revenue and economic development,… View Summary +
Regulator Dialogues are interactive, virtual sessions designed for energy regulators who want to explore real-world challenges with regulators from other jurisdictions. Each Dialogue focuses on a specific regulatory challenge through a series of facilitated discussions. Short presentations and… View Summary +
As electrification expands in sectors like heating, transport and households, consumer flexibility becomes increasingly important. Consumers now have more ways to access flexibility, allowing for reduced bills, better power system balance, and increased renewable energy integration. RAP experts,… View Summary +
As the European Commission considers the introduction of a market-based instrument on clean heat deployment, RAP experts Richard Lowes and Marion Santini take a closer look at the UK Clean Heat Market Mechanism (CHMM), introduced in 2025. This… View Summary +
Biomethane production in Europe has seen significant growth in the last ten years, reaching 4.3 billion cubic metres in 2024. The growing volume of gas injected into existing networks designed only for exit is impacting gas network regulation. This… View Summary +
Connection requests for renewable generation, EV chargers, data centres and battery storage are surging across Europe and the grid can’t keep up with this pace. Flexible connection agreements (FCAs) have emerged as one way to let users connect to… View Summary +
Thermal energy networks are attracting growing attention as a reliable, resilient, efficient, safe, local and clean solution for building heating and cooling. At the time of publication, one utility pilot serves 135 customers in Massachusetts with several others planned… View Summary +
