Knowledge Center
We believe that sharing our expertise and collaborations in clean energy policy is how real, effective change happens.
From reports and policy briefs, to webinars and podcasts—RAP advisors have built an extensive collection of resources providing in-depth analysis and practical solutions to today’s energy challenges.
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Fossil gas provides more than half of Italy’s residential space heating and hot water demand but domestic gas production has been in a decline. Heat pumps, therefore, present a critical technology to increase Italy’s energy security and decarbonise residential… View Summary +
The future energy bill for European industry, businesses and households is an electricity bill. As demand for clean electricity increases, it will be paramount that the network tariff – that part of an electricity bill which goes towards the… View Summary +
(This paper is part of the series Data Centers and the Next Era of Energy Regulation. Find an overview and all the related resources on the series page here.) While data centers can bring tax revenue and economic development,… View Summary +
Regulator Dialogues are interactive, virtual sessions designed for energy regulators who want to explore real-world challenges with regulators from other jurisdictions. Each Dialogue focuses on a specific regulatory challenge through a series of facilitated discussions. Short presentations and… View Summary +
国家发展改革委、国家能源局发布的114号文，为我国发电侧容量机制改革明确了“分类完善—可靠容量补偿—容量市场”的三步演进路径。其中，第二阶段建立发电侧可靠容量补偿机制，是衔接现行容量电价与未来容量市场的关键环节。本文结合114号文要求及甘肃、青海等地方实践，分析当前容量机制在资源统一比较、供需匹配和动态调整等方面存在的问题，并借鉴欧美成熟电力市场经验，提出以下建议：一是建立技术中立、统一透明的可靠容量评估体系，实现各类资源公平竞争；二是以资源充裕度评估为基础，将容量补偿与系统供需关系动态挂钩。三是建立动态调整机制，促进容量价格反映真实供需。只有夯实第二阶段改革基础，用统一的标准衡量各种资源的贡献，用前瞻性的供需评估决定补偿水平，基于用户承受能力与动态调整机制防止补贴固化，同时配合扩大容量资源的考量范围降低用户电价成本，才能顺利过渡到竞争性的容量市场，更有效支撑新型电力系统建设。 本文首刊于《能源决策与参考》，2026年6月 China’s recently issued Document No. 114, jointly released by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the National Energy Administration (NEA), sets out a three-stage roadmap for reforming the generation-side capacity mechanism: improving resource-specific… View Summary +
As electrification expands in sectors like heating, transport and households, consumer flexibility becomes increasingly important. Consumers now have more ways to access flexibility, allowing for reduced bills, better power system balance, and increased renewable energy integration. RAP experts,… View Summary +
As the European Commission considers the introduction of a market-based instrument on clean heat deployment, RAP experts Richard Lowes and Marion Santini take a closer look at the UK Clean Heat Market Mechanism (CHMM), introduced in 2025. This… View Summary +
Biomethane production in Europe has seen significant growth in the last ten years, reaching 4.3 billion cubic metres in 2024. The growing volume of gas injected into existing networks designed only for exit is impacting gas network regulation. This… View Summary +
Connection requests for renewable generation, EV chargers, data centres and battery storage are surging across Europe and the grid can’t keep up with this pace. Flexible connection agreements (FCAs) have emerged as one way to let users connect to… View Summary +
Thermal energy networks are attracting growing attention as a reliable, resilient, efficient, safe, local and clean solution for building heating and cooling. At the time of publication, one utility pilot serves 135 customers in Massachusetts with several others planned… View Summary +
