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Knowledge Center
We believe that sharing our expertise and collaborations in clean energy policy is how real, effective change happens.
From reports and policy briefs, to webinars and podcasts—RAP advisors have built an extensive collection of resources providing in-depth analysis and practical solutions to today’s energy challenges.
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With the European Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) now in force, national, regional and local authorities need to get EV grid integration right from the outset. Smart charging can help integrate more renewables, use existing grid infrastructure more efficiently to… View Summary +
![First page of smart charging infographic](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/RAP-7-2024-smart-charging-infographic_Page_1-680x420.jpg)
Jump to English summary Ziel der vorliegenden Analyse ist es, die Herausforderungen beim Netzanschluss von Ladeparks zu systematisieren und auch für Fachfremde nachvollziehbar darzustellen. Außerdem werden zentrale Lösungsansätze beschrieben und bewertet. Dafür haben wir drei typische Anwendungsfälle für verschiedene… View Summary +
![Power lines at sunset; traffic pic taken on delay](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Transmission-lines-sunset-1-680x420.jpg)
Shifting gear to tackle power grid scarcity Power grids are fundamental to the energy transition. Due to their limited capacity, however, they are also proving to be a key barrier. Grid shortages are increasingly the new normal worldwide. Improving the use… View Summary +
![E-Truck charging station](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/etruck-charging-milence-2024-featured-image-toolkit-680x420.jpg)
A power purchase agreement (PPA) is a contract used by a purchasing entity to procure electricity from a project developer. This contract specifies the volume and price of the energy purchased and the duration of the agreement. “Renewables PPAs” specifically… View Summary +
![Photovoltaic solar panels plant ground mounted with central inverters](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RAP-Energy-Cities-PPA-680x420.jpg)
In this Power System Blueprint deep dive, Dominic Scott and Monika Morawiecka discuss the merits of different types of two-sided contracts for difference (CfDs). Written in the style of a three-act Shakespearian play, the authors take a look at… View Summary +
![Shakespeare quote that says: "See first the design is wise and just; that ascertained, pursue it resolutely."](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RAP-DD4-Shakespeare680x420-680x420.png)
Electric vehicles (EVs) can do more than simply transport people or goods from place to place. Through smart charging and bidirectional charging, their batteries can become an important societal resource. When these EV batteries are charged matters. Smart charging —… View Summary +
![Woman plugging in electric charger into car](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CoverImage_bidirectionalchargingEVs-680x420.jpg)
The European energy sector is facing a triple challenge: ensuring a speedy and cost-efficient rollout of renewables, protecting consumers from price shocks and safeguarding security of supply. As the 2022 energy crisis showed, political acceptance of high electricity prices is… View Summary +
![Solar panels and wind turbines in a field.](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Blueprint-CfDs1-680x420.jpg)
Decarbonisation of heating must accelerate if we are to meet European Union (EU) climate and renewable energy targets and achieve reliable and affordable supply of heat for all. Space and water heating in buildings accounts for around a third of… View Summary +
![District heating cover graphic](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/9-26-2023-RAP-A4-district-heating-cover-680x420.png)
Over the last 10 years Europe has witnessed the growth of capacity remuneration mechanisms (CRMs) — tools intended to provide added confidence of adequate resource when demand is forecasted to peak. RAP has often documented concerns with certain CRM interventions… View Summary +
![A group of engineers in hardhats stand over a table of blueprints.](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/shutterstock_1182038062.jpg)
For countries with significant proportions of gas in their heating mixes that are looking to decarbonise and reduce exposure to gas imports, there is a major question around how to deal with existing gas distribution infrastructure in an equitable way… View Summary +
![A maze of yellow gas distribution pipes set against a red brick wall.](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Decompression-shutterstock_152279501-680x420.jpg)
The Council of the European Union voted on 25 July 2023 to adopt the final text of the recast of the Energy Efficiency Directive. This was the last step in the decision-making process and is the… View Summary +
![Cover image of a report](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Ensmov-scaled-1-680x420.jpeg)
A recurring theme in energy market discussions is the fear that increasing shares of solar and wind with negligible running costs will lead to plummeting electricity prices — so-called price cannibalisation — making further investments in renewables uneconomic. This… View Summary +
![Solar panels and wind turbines in a rural field with a blue sky in the background.](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Solar-Wind-Only-Cannibalise-shutterstock_1709857162-680x420.jpg)
Pompy ciepła to jedna z kluczowych technologii na drodze transformacji energetycznej, już niedługo stanie się najważniejszą technologią dla dekarbonizacji ogrzewnictwa. Obecnie zdecydowana większość ciepła do gospodarstw domowych jest dostarczana przez paliwa kopalne. W celu promowania i zachęcania do instalowania pomp… View Summary +
![ZRÓWNOWAŻONY RYNEK POMP CIEPŁA](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Screen-Shot-2023-05-01-at-10.26.02-AM-680x420.png)
La energía utilizada para la calefacción y refrigeración representa alrededor del 50% del consumo total de energía en el mundo. De esta cifra, casi la mitad se consume para calentar edificios. Y la mayor parte de la energía utilizada se… View Summary +